Overview
The Alexander Forbes papers, 1827, 1835, 1848-1978 (inclusive), 1910-1946 (bulk), are the product of Forbes' teaching and research activities in the Department of Physiology at Harvard Medical School. The bulk of the collection falls between 1910 and 1946, and consists of Forbes' correspondence, manuscripts, drafts, and notes resulting from his reseach on neurophysiology and electrophysiology. The collection also includes correspondence, reports, notes, documents, journals, logs, maps, photographs, data, and printed items resulting from Forbes’s aerial mapping expeditions and navigational projects, both on his own and during his wartime service.
Dates
- Creation: 1827, 1835, 1848-1978 (inclusive),
- Creation: Majority of material found within 1910-1946
Creator
- Forbes, Alexander, 1882-1965 (Person)
Conditions Governing Access
Collection is open for research. Access requires advance notice. Consult Public Services for further information.
Conditions Governing Use
The Harvard Medical Library does not hold copyright on all materials in the collection. Researchers are responsible for identifying and contacting any third-party copyright holders for permission to reproduce or publish. For more information on the Center's use, publication, and reproduction policies, view our Reproductions and Use Policy.
Extent
1 collection (136 manuscript boxes.)The Alexander Forbes papers (1827-1978, inclusive) consist of correspondence, manuscripts, research notes, lecture notes, bibliographies, laboratory data, protocols, films, tracings, logs, maps, and biographical materials.
Introduction
Alexander Forbes (1882-1965) was a pioneer in neurophysiology research in the United States. He was a member of the department of physiology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts for over thirty-five years.
Chronology
- 1882
- Born on May 14 in Milton, Massachusetts to William Hathaway Forbes(1840-1897), first president of Bell Telephone Company, and Edith (Emerson) Forbes (born circa 1841-1929), daughter of Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882).
- 1899
- Graduated from Milton Academy, Milton, Massachusetts
- 1899-1900
- Traveled abroad and camped in Wyoming hoping to reverse his progressive deafness due to otitis (ear infection). The 1900 U.S. Census identifies his race as white.
- 1904
- Graduated from Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts with an A.B.
- 1905
- Earned A.M. in Biology from Harvard University.
- 1905-1906
- Spent in Wyoming
- 1905-1965
- Director of the George Jr. Republic (later named the Williams George Agency for Children’s Services), Freeville, New York.
- 1910
- Graduated from Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts with M.D.
- Married Charlotte Irving Grinnell (born circa 1885) on June 9. Alexander and Charlotte went on to have four children: Katherine (1914-1976), Janet (circa 1917-1996), Florence (circa 1919-2011), and Alexander Irving (circa 1923-2008).
- 1910-1911
- Appointed Instructor in Physiology, Harvard Medical School
- 1911-1912
- Spent six months with Charles S. Sherrington (1857-1952) at the University of Liverpool, England and three weeks with Keith Lucas 79-1916) at Cambridge University, Cambridge, England.
- 1912-1921
- Instructor in Physiology, Harvard Medical School
- 1916
- Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
- 1917-1919
- Lieutenant (j.g.), U.S. Naval Reserve, detached for radio compass installation on destroyers
- 1921
- Studied with Edgar D. Adrian (1889-1977) at Cambridge University.
- 1921-1936
- Associate Professor of Physiology, Harvard Medical School
- 1923
- Elected American Geographical Society Fellow
- 1924
- Published anonymous novel, The Radio Gunner
- 1929
- Earned his airplane pilot's license
- 1930
- Cruised to Bermuda
- 1931
- Visited Charles S. Sherrington and John Eccles (1903-1997) at Oxford University, Oxford, England
- 1931
- Cruised to Labrador, Canada, for aerial mapping project with O. M. Miller (1897-1979) of the American Geographical Society.
- 1931
- Elected to American Philosophical Society
- 1933
- Cruised to Naples, Italy
- 1934
- Cruised the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas
- 1935
- Flew to Labrador, Canada to complete mapping project Published Offshore Navigation in its Simplist Form
- 1936
- Elected to National Academy of Science
- 1936
- Received Aero Club of New England Award
- 1936-1948
- Professor of Neurophysiology, Harvard Medical School
- 1938
- Published Northernmost Labrador: Mapped from the Air
- 1938
- Received Charles P. Daly Award, American Geographical Society
- 1939
- Flew Väinö Tanner (1881-1966) to Labrador, Canada, for economic survey.
- 1940-1945
- Lt. Commander to Captain, USNR (Medical Corps) detached to Army then to Naval Hydrographic Office with service in Pensacola, Florida; Labrador, Canada; Virginia; Panama; Bikini, Marshall Islands; and Washington, D.C.
- 1946
- Returned to Harvard Medical School but continued on a civilian contract to analyze Bikini photos for several months.
- 1948
- Elected Professor Emeritus and moved his research laboratory to Cambridge, Massachusetts in the Biological Laboratories
- 1952
- Award honorary Doctor of Science, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
- 1953
- Published Quest for a Northern Air Route
- 1954
- Awarded honorary Doctor of Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- 1963
- Received Karl Spencer Lashley Award, the American Philosophical Society
- 1965
- Died at home in Milton, Massachusetts on March 27
Series and Subseries in the Collection
- I. Scientific Correspondence with Individuals, 1913-1964
- II. Scientific Correspondence with Institutions, 1911-1964
- III. Correspondence with Scientific Journal and Book Publishers, 1921-1960, undated
- IV. Address and Publications Records, 1907-1964, undated
- V. Laboratory Records and Correspondence, 1912-1964, undated
- ___ A. Correspondence, 1911-1960
- ___ B. Personnel Records, 1919-1964
- ___ C. Scientific Protocols Records, 1913-1963, undated
- ___ D. Laboratory Apparatus Notes, 1919-1956, undated
- VI. Ether and Respirator Controversies Correspondence and Records, 1827, 1835, 1848-1897, 1909-1967, undated
- ___ A. Ether Correspondence, 1827, 1835, 1859, 1863-1864, 1872-1876, 1909-1953
- ___ B. Ether Items, 1848-1897, 1921-1967, undated
- ___ C. Respirator Correspondence and Related Records, 1926-1955
- VII. Military and Navigational Projects Correspondence and Related Records, 1916-1963, undated
- ___ A. World War I Records, 1916-1919
- ___B. Navigational Projects Records, 1917-1954, undated
- ______ 1. Correspondence and Notes, 1917-1946, undated
- ______ 2. Labrador Expedition, 1931, Records, 1923-1941
- ______ 3. Labrador Expedition, 1932, Records, 1932-1936
- ______ 4. Labrador Expedition, 1935, Records, 1935-1936
- ______ 5. Labrador Correspondence and Related Records, 1931-1941, undated
- ______ 6. Labrador Expedition, 1939, Records, 1939-1954, undated
- ___ C. World War II Correspondence and Records, 1932-1955
- ___ D. Labrador Expedition Correspondence and Records, 1943-1963
- VIII. Biographical and Personal Records, 1898-1978, undated
- ___ A. Undergraduate Records, 1898-1910, undated
- ___B. Teaching Records, 1910-1958, undated
- ______ 1. Harvard Medical School Physiology Course Notebooks and Lecture Notes, 1910-1958, undated
- ______ 2. Harvard Medical School Physiology Data, Lantern Slides, 1929, undated
- ______ 3. Harvard Medical School Correspondence, 1916-1965, undated
- ___ C. Address and Publications Files, undated
- ___D. Personal Correspondence, 1905-1960
- ______ 1. Correspondence with Individuals, 1905-1958
- ______ 2. Correspondence with Organizations and Clubs, 1921-1960
- ___ E. Tributes, Memorials, and Other Biographical Records, 1913-1978
- IX. Laboratory Films and Tracings, 1925-1956
- X. Physiology Data Demonstration Items, 1934-1938, undated
- XI. United States Navy Hydrographic Office Maps, 1946
- XII. Diplomas and Awards, undated
Arrangement
The collection is arranged in twelve series by subject: Series I. Scientific Correspondence with Individuals, 1913-1964; Series II. Scientific Correspondence with Institutions, 1911-1964; Series III. Correspondence with Scientific Journal and Book Publishers, 1921-1960, undated; Series IV. Address and Publications Records, 1907-1964, undated; Series V. Laboratory Records and Correspondence, 1912-1964, undated; Series VI. Ether and Respirator Controversies Correspondence and Records, 1827, 1935, 1848-1897, 1909-1967, undated; Series VII. Military and Navigational Projects Correspondence and Related Records, 1916-1963, undated; Series VIII. Biographical and Personal Records, 1898-1978, undated; Series IX. Laboratory Films and Tracings, 1925-1956; Series X. Physiology Data Demonstration Items, 1934-1938, undated; Series XI. United States Navy Hydrographic Office Maps, 1946; and Series XII. Diplomas and Awards, undated.
Other Finding Aids
For description of collection see: The Alexander Forbes Papers by Robert G. Frank Jr. and Judith H. Goetzl (Journal of the History of Biology, v. 11, no. 2, pp. 387-393.
Immediate Source of Acquisition
Some professional papers were deposited by Forbes in the late 1940s. The majority of the papers were received from his laboratory and home after his death in 1965.
An accrual to the collection was transferred in 2010 from Baker Library, Harvard Business School, consisting of papers regarding Forbes’s financial transactions. These papers are related to Forbes’s mortgages, moneylending, donations to Harvard to fund staff positions, and his purchase of an island, boat, and biplane.
Bibliography
- 1906 Castle, William E. and Alexander Forbes. Heredity of Hairlength in Guinea-pigs and its Bearing on the Theory of Pure Gameties. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institute.
- 1907 “One aspect of athletics,” Harvard Monthly 44:1-6.
- 1909 “The origin and development of foreign body giant cells,” Journal of Medical Research 20:45-52.
- 1910
- ___“The origin and development of giant cells in an epidermal carcinoma of the tongue,” Journal of Medical Research 23:107-110.
- ___Henderson, Lawrence J. and Alexander Forbes. “On the estimation of the intensity of acidity and alkalinity with dinitrohydroquinone,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 32:687-689.
- ___“From a physician,” letter on antivisection to the editor of Life Magazine, May 28.
- 1911 Wells, Frederic L. and Alexander Forbes. “On certain electrical processes in the human body and their relation to emotional reactions,” Archives of Psychology 1:1-39.
- 1912 “Reflex inhibition of skeletal muscle,” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology 5:149-187.
- ___“Reflex rhythm induced by concurrent excitation and inhibition,” Proceedings of the Royal Society 85B:289-298.
- ___“The place of incidence of reflex fatigue,” American Journal of Physiology 31:102-124.
- 1913 “Concerning the flight of gulls,” Auk 30:359-366.
- 1914 Forbes, Alexander and Charles S. Sherrington. “Acoustic reflexes in the decerebrate cat,” American Journal of Physiology 35:367-376.
- 1915 Forbes, Alexander and Alan Gregg. “Electrical studies in mammalian reflexes: I. The flexion reflex,” American Journal of Physiology 37:118-176.
- ___ Forbes, Alexander and Alan Gregg. “Electrical studies in mammalian reflexes: II. The correlation between strength of stimuli and the direct and reflex nerve response,” American Journal of Physiology 39:172-235.
- 1916
- ___“A question of logical fallacy,” Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 174:257.
- ___ Forbes, Alexander and Richard H. Miller. “Detection with the string galvanometer of afferent impulses in the brain-stem and their abolition with ether anaesthesia,” American Journal of Physiology 40:148-149.
- ___ Forbes, Alexander, Rustin McIntosh and Wilfred Sefton. “The effect of ether anaesthesia on the electrical activity of nerve,” American Journal of Physiology 40:503-513.
- ___“The laboratory reacts,” Atlantic Monthly 118:544-551.
- ___“Obituary: Keith Lucas,” Science 44:808-810.
- ___“Obituary: Sir Michael Foster,” Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 51:873-875.
- 1917
- ___ Forbes, Alexander and Willard C. Rappleye. “The effect of temperature changes on rhythm in the human electromyogram,” American Journal of Physiology 42:228-255.
- ___ Forbes, Alexander and Willard C. Rappleye. “The rate of discharge of central neurones,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3:12-15.
- 1918 “An interpolating instrument to expedite the use of Aquino's Tables in navigation,” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 44:1279-1285.
- 1920
- ___ Forbes, Alexander and Catherine Thacher. “Electron tube amplification with the string galvanometer,” American Journal of Physiology 51:177-178.
- ___Forbes, Alexander and Catherine Thacher. “Amplification of action currents with the electron tube in recording with the string galvanometer,” American Journal of Physilogy 52:409-471.
- ___“Biophysics,” Science 52:331-332.
- 1921
- ___Whitaker, Lester R. and Alexander Forbes. “The response of a muscle to submaximal stimulation of its motor nerve as affected by reflex excitation and inhibition,” American Journal of Physiology 55:291-292.
- ___ Forbes, Alexander, Stanley Cobb and McKeen Cattell. “An electrocardiogram and an electromyogram in an elephant,” American Journal of Physiology 55:385-389.
- ___“The modification of the crossed extension reflex by light etherization and its bearing on the dual nature of spinal reflex innervation,” American Journal of Physiology 56:273-312.
- ___1922
- ______Redfield, Elizabeth S., Alfred C. Redfield and Alexander Forbes. “The action of beta rays of radium on excitability and conduction in the nerve trun,” American Journal of Physiology 59:203-221.
- ______ Adrian, Edgar D. and Alexander Forbes. “The all-or-nothing response of sensory nerve fibres,” Journal of Physiology 56:301-330.
- ______“The interpretation of spinal reflexes in terms of present knowledge of nerve conduction,” Physiological Review 2:361-414.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander and Richard H. Miller. “The effect of ether anesthesia on afferent paths in the decerebrate animal,” American Journal of Physiology 62:113-139.
- ______“A radio compass officer in time of war,” The Open Road []:17-22, 62.
- ___1923
- ______ Forbes, Alexander and Louise H. Ray. “The conditions of survival of mammalian nerve trunks,” American Journal of Physiology 64:435-466.
- ______“The physico-chemical basis of psychic phenomena,” Science 58:49-50.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Stanley Cobb and Helen Cattell. “Electrical studies in mammalian reflexes: III. Immediate changes in the flexion reflex after spinal transection,” American Journal of Physiology 65:30-44.
- ______ Cobb, Stanley and Alexander Forbes. “Electromyographic studies of muscular fatigue in man,” American Journal of Physiology 65:234-251.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Louise H. Ray and Anne McH. Hopkins. “The effect of tension on the action current of skeletal muscle,” American Journal of Physiology 65:300-311.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander and Richard H. Miller. “The effects of ether anesthesia on afferent paths in decerebrate animals,” Anesthesia and Analgesia 2:1-6, also Canadian Medical Association Journal 13:715-717.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Louise H. Ray and Fred R. Griffith, jr. “The nature of the delay in the response the second of two stimuli in nerve and in the nerve-muscle preparation,” American Journal of Physiology 66:553-617.
- ___1924
- ______ Forbes, Alexander and David W. Mann. “A revolving mirror for use with the string galvanometer,” Journal of the Optical Society of America and Review of Scientific Instruments 8:807-816.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Clarence J. Campbell and Horatio B. Williams. “Electrical records of afferent nerve impulses from muscular receptors,” American Journal of Physiology 69:283-303.
- ______“‘Analyzed sound' in nature,” Science 60:5-7.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander and McKeen Cattell. “Electrical studies in mammalian reflexes: IV. The crossed extension reflex,” American Journal of Physiology 70:140-173.
- ______[Anonymous.] Radio Gunner. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
- ___1925
- ______ The George Junior Republic. A Community Vital to the United States.
- ______“An account of a trip through Big Horn Canyon made by Alexander and Gerrit Forbes, Harvard students...,” chapter VIII in Locating the Iron Trail by Edward Gillette. Boston: The Christopher Publishing House.
- ______ Davis, Hallowell, Alexander Forbes, David Brunswick and Anne McH. Hopkins. “Conduction without progressive decrement in nerve under alcohol narcosis,” American Journal of Physiology 72:177-178.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander and James M. D. Olmsted. “The frequency of motor nerve impulses in the crossed extention reflex as shown by the alcohol block method,” American Journal of Physiology 73:17-62.
- ______“Analyzed sound,” Science 62:204-205.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander and Catharine Thacher. “Changes in the protoplasm of nereis eggs induced by β-radiation,” American Journal of Physiology 74:567-578.
- ______“Science and religion,” Harvard Graduates Magazine 33:555.
- ______“Functional activity of nerve and muscle,” Biophysics Course Manual.
- ___1926
- ______ Davis, Hallowell, Alexander Forbes, David Brunswick and Anne McH. Hopkins. “Studies of the nerve impulse: II. The question of decrement,” American Journal of Physiology 76:448-471.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander and Stanley Cobb. “Physiology of sympathetic nervous system in relation to certain surgical problems,” Journal of the American Medical Association 86:1884-1886.
- ______“The basis of reflex coordination,” Science 64:163-165.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Walter B. Cannon, Johnson O'Connor, Anne McH. Hopkins and Richard H. Miller. “Muscular rigidity with and without sympathetic innervation,” Archives of Surgery 13:303-328.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Perry C. Baird and Anne McH. Hopkins. “The involuntary contraction following isometric contraction of skeletal muscle in man,” American Journal of Physiology 78:81-103.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Grayson P. McCouch and Lucinda H. Rice. “Afferent nerve impulses from muscular receptors,” Skandinavisches Archiv für Physiologie 49:127.
- ______“Nouvelles recherches sur la rigidité de décérébration et la contraction terminale,” Archives Internationales de Physiologie 27:353-370.
- ___1927
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Richard H. Miller and Johnson O'Connor. “Electric responses to acoustic stimuli in the decerebrate animal,” American Journal of Physiology 80:363-380.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander and Antonio Barbeau. “The question of localizing action currents in muscle by needle electrodes,” American Journal of Physiology 80:705-715.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Antonio Barbeau and Lucinda H. Rice. “The frequency of motor nerve impulses in the sustained flexion reflex,” American Journal of Physiology 81:476-477.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Lester R. Whitaker and John F. Fulton. “The effect of reflex excitation and inhibition on the response of a muscle to stimulation through its motor nerve,” American Journal of Physiology 82:693-716.
- ______“Footing vs. pointing in an ocean race,” Yachting 41:72.
- ______“Spiritualism and telepathy,” Harvard Graduates Magazine 36:189-202.
- ___1928
- ______ McCouch, Grayson P., Alexander Forbes and Lucinda H. Rice. “Afferent impulses from muscular receptors,” American Journal of Physiology 84:1-15.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander and Ralph W. Gerard. “‘Fatigue' phenomena in the peroneal nerve and the flexion reflex in the cat,” American Journal of Physiology 85:370-371.
- ______Forbes, Alexander, Arie Querido, Lester R. Whitaker, and Lewis M. Hurxthal. “Electrical studies in mammalian reflexes: V. The flexion reflex in response to two stimuli as recorded from the motor nerve,” American Journal of Physiology 85:432-457.
- ______Gerard, Ralph W. and Alexander Forbes. “A note on action currents and ‘equilibration' in the cat's peroneal nerve,” American Journal of Physiology 86:178-185.
- ______Gerard, Ralph W. and Alexander Forbes. “‘Fatigue' of the flexion reflex,” American Journal of Physiology 86:186-205.
- ______“Fog problems,” Yachting 43:68.
- ______“A note concerning the effect on their function of stretching nerve trunks,” New England Journal of Medicine 199:555.
- ___1929
- ______“All or none law,” Encyclopaedia Britannica 1:660.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander and Perry C. Baird, jr. “The effect of the interval following decerebration on the results of low spinal transection,” American Journal of Physiology 87:527-531.
- ______“Tonus in skeletal muscle in relation to sympathetic innervation,” Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 22:247-264.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander and Lucinda H. Rice. “Quantitative studies of the nerve impulse: IV. Fatigue in peripheral nerve,” American Journal of Physiology 90:119-145.
- ______“The mechanism of reaction,” chapter 3 in The Foundations of Experimental Psychology edited by C. Murchison. Worcester, Massachusetts: Clark University Press.
- ______“Mechanism in nerve centers,” Nature 124:911-912.
- ______“The mechanical interpolator in modern navigation. Saving work and shortening the time of working up sights for line of position,” Yachting 45:59.
- ______“Lessons in landfalls,” Yachting 45:67.
- ___1930
- ______“The problem of tonus in skeletal muscle in relation to sympathtic innervation,” chapter 12 in The Vegetative Nervous System [volume 9, Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Diseases]. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Hallowell Davis and Elizabeth Lambert. “The balancing of antagonistic reflex effects in a spinal center,” American Journal of Physiology 93:649-650.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Hallowell Davis and Elizabeth Lambert. “The conflict between excitatory and inhibitory effects in a spinal center,” American Journal of Physiology 95:142-173.
- ___1931
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Hallowell Davis and John H. Emerson. “An amplifier, string galvanometer and photographic camera designed for the study of action currents in nerve,” Review of Scientific Instruments 2:1-15.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Antonio Barbeau and Lucinda H. Rice. “Evidence from the alcohol block method on the frequency of motor nerve impulses in the flexion reflex,” American Journal of Physiology 98:484-510.
- ______“Observations on gliding angles,” Aviation 30:355.
- ______“Thought and emotion,” Harvard Graduates Magazine 40:146-154.
- ___1932
- ______ Davis, Hallowell, Alexander Forbes and Lovett Garceau. “The analysis of electromyograms,” Science 75:436-437.
- ______“Mountaineering in northern Labrador,” Harvard Mountaineering Club Yearbook [1931-1932]:21-27.
- ______“Leaning to fly,” Aviation 31:63.
- ______“Surveying in northern Labrador,” Geographical Review 22:30-60.
- ______“An aerial survey in northern Labrador,” Harvard Alumni Bulletin 34:917-923.
- ___1933
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Olive C. Smith, Elizabeth F. Lambert, William F. Caveness and Arthur J. Derbyshire. “The central inhibitory mechanism investigated by means of antidromic impulses,” American Journal of Physiology 103:131-142.
- ______Lambert, Elizabeth F., Burrhus F. Skinner and Alexander Forbes. “Changes in rheobase and chronaxie on sectioning motor nerve,” American Journal of Physiology 105:65-66.
- ______Rosenblueth, Arturo, Alexander Forbes and Elizabeh F. Lambert. “Electric responses in the submaxillary gland,” American Journal of Physiology 105:508-517.
- ______ Davis, Hallowell, Alexander Forbes and Arthur J. Derbyshire. “The recovery period of the auditory nerve and its significance for the theory of hearing,” Science 78:522.
- ______Lambert, Elizabeth F., Burrhus F. Skinner and Alexander Forbes. “Some conditions affecting intensity and duration thresholds in motor nerve, with reference to chronaxie of subordination,” American Journal of Physiology 106:721-737.
- ______“Conditions affecting the response of the avicularia of bulgula,” Biological Bulletin 65:469-479.
- ______“A northern Labrador cruise: charting the unsurveyed coast of Labrador by yacht and seaplane,” part I Yachting 53(3):37-40, 82-88; part II Yachting 53(4):33-36, 86-98; part III Yachting 53(5):39-42, 86.
- ___1934
- ______Garceau, Lovett and Alexander Forbes. “A direct-coupled amplifier for action currents,” Review of Scientific Instruments 5:10-13.
- ______“The mechanism of reaction,” chapter 3 in A Handbook of General Experimental Psychology edited by C. Murchison. Worcester, Massachusetts: Clark University Press.
- ______“Cruise of Harvard men to the Mediterranean,” Harvard Alumni Bulletin 36:922-928.
- ___1935
- ______“Electrodes come in pairs,” Science 81:461-462.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, McKeen Cattell and Hallowell Davis. “The immediate effect of spinal transection on the crossed extension reflex,” American Journal of Physiology 112:152-161.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Arthur J. Derbyshire, Beningna Rempel and Elizabeth F. Lambert. “The effects of ether, nembutal and avertin on the potential patterns of the motor cortex,” American Journal of Physiology 113:43.
- ______Lambert, Elizabeth F. and Arturo Rosenblueth with the collaboration of Hallowell Davis, Alexander Forbes and C[lifford] Ladd Prosser. “A further study of the electric responses of smooth muscle,” American Journal of Physiology 114:147-159.
- ______ Offshore Navigation in its Simplist Form. Boston: Eastern Science Supply Co.
- ______“Skyways to ski trails,” The Sportsman 18:26-28, 58.
- ______“Use of aeroplanes for travel,” chapter 2 in Handbook of Travel [].
- ___1936
- ______“Flying fish,” Science 83:261-262.
- ______ Davis, Hallowell and Alexander Forbes. “Chronaxie,” Physiological Review 16:407-441.
- ______Derbyshire, Arthur J., Beningna Rempel, Alexander Forbes and Elizabeth F. Lambert. “The effects of anesthetics on action potentials in the cerebral cortex of the cat,” American Journal of Physiology 116:577-596.
- ______“Conduction in axon and synapse,” Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 4:163-169.
- ______“Completing the northern Labrador survey,” Harvard Alumni Bulletin 38:704-709.
- ______Langmuir, Irving and Alexander Forbes. “Airplane tracks in the surface of stratus clouds,” Journal of Aeronautical Sciences 3:385-387.
- ______“A flight to Cape Chidley, 1935,” Geographical Review 26:48-58.
- ______“A simple analysis of sailing speeds to windward,” Yachting 59:61.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander and Charles Hubbard. “The completion of the aerial survey of northern Labrador,” Among the Deep Sea Fishers 33:141-143.
- ___1937
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Birdsey Renshaw and Beningna Rempel. “Units of electrical activity in the cerebral cortex,” American Journal of Physiology 119:309-310.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander and Albert M. Grass. “A simple direct-coupled amplifier for action potentials,” Journal of Physiology 91:31-35.
- ______“Book review: Aids to Physiology by H. Dryerre,” New England Journal of Medicine 217:897.
- ______“Twenty years on the Westfield River,” Appalachia []:310-326.
- ___1938
- ______Beecher, Henry K., Florence K. McDonough and Alexander Forbes. “Effects of blood pressure changes on cortical potentials during anesthesia,” Journal of Neurophysiology 1:324-331.
- ______Renshaw, Birdsey, Alexander Forbes and Carolyn B. Drury. “Electrical activity recorded with microelectrodes from the hippocampus,” American Journal of Physiology 123:169-170.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander with contributions by O. M. Miller, N. E. Odell and E. C. Abbe. Northernmost Labrador: Mapped From the Air. Special Publication No. 22. New York: American Geographical Society.
- ______“Triangulation with the radio direction finder,” Yachting 63:56.
- ___1939
- ______ Citizens in the Making. Freeville, N.Y.: George Junior Republic.
- ______“Book review: Physiology of the Nervous System, by John F. Fulton,” Science 90:17-18.
- ______Therman, Per O. and Alexander Forbes. “Microelectrode records from the superior cervival ganglion,” American Journal of Physiology 126:642.
- ______Beecher, Henry K., Florence K. McDonough and Alexander Forbes. “Similarity of effects of barbiturate anesthesia and spinal transection,” Journal of Neurophysiology 2:81-88.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander and Beningna R. Morison. “Cortical response to sensory stimulation under deep barbiturate narcosis,” Journal of Neurophysiology 2:112-128.
- ______“Problems of synaptic function,” Journal of Neurophysiology 2:465-472.
- ______“New methods of navigation,” Yachting 65:[].
- ______“Flight to Labrador,” Among the Deep Sea Fishers 37:158-162 [Jan], 22-24 [Apr].
- ___1940
- ______Renshaw, Birdsey, Alexander Forbes and Beningna R. Morison. “Activity of isocortex and hippocampus: electrical studies with micro-electrodes,” Journal of Neurophsiology 3:74-105.
- ______Therman, Per O., Alexander Forbes and Robert Galambos. “Electric responses derived from the superior cervical ganglion with micro-electrodes,” Journal of Neurophysiology 3:191-200.
- ______von Brücke, Ernst T., Alexander Forbes and Marie Early. “The effect of prolonged stimulation on the relative refractory period in nerve,” American Journal of Physiology 129:322.
- ______“Rivers of the south shore of Lake Melville, Labrador,” Geographical Review 30:394-399.
- ___1941
- ______von Brücke, Ernst T., Marie Early and Alexander Forbes. “Fatigue and refractoriness in nerve,” Journal of Neurophysiology 4:456-472.
- ______von Brücke, Ernst T., Marie Early and Alexander Forbes. “Recovery of responsiveness in motor and sensory fibers during the relative refractory period,” Journal of Neurophysiology 4:80-91.
- ______von Brücke, Ernst T., Marie Early and Alexander Forbes. “Recovery of excitability in nerve,” American Journal of Physiology 133:477-478.
- ______“Ernst Theodor von Brücke, 1880-1941,” Journal of Neurophysiology 5:331-332.
- ___1942 “Sir Wilfred's vision,” Among the Deep Sea Fishers 39:114-115.
- ___1943 Forbes, Alexander and Hallowell Davis. Electroencephalography of naval aviators. Report 13. Washington, D.C.: Division of Reserch. Civil Aeronautics Administration.
- ___1944
- ______“Shortcuts in long-distance photogrammetry,” Photogrammetric Engineering 10:192.
- ______ Sailing Directions for Entering Frobisher Bay. H. O. Misc. No. 10, 821. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office.
- ___1945
- ______ Introduction to Oblique Photogrammetry. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office.
- ______ “Walter Bradford Cannon, 1871-1945,” American Philosophical Society Yearbook []:349-254.
- ______“Photogrammetry applied to aerology,” Photogrammetric Engineering 11:181-192.
- ___1946
- ______ Sailing Directions for Entering Frobisher Bay. H. O. Misc. No. 10, 821. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office.
- ______“A simple photo-rectifier for high obliques,” Photogrammetric Engineering 12:163-194.
- ___1948 “Butterfly migration near Italy,” The Lepidopterists' News 2:94.
- ___1949
- ______“Birdsey Renshaw, 1911-1948, a biographical note,” Journal of Neurophysiology 12:81.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Arthur Battista, Paul O. Chatfield and Juanita P. Garcia. “Refractory phase in cerebral mechanisms,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1:141-175.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Paul O. Chatfield, and Juanita P. Garcia. “Cerebral response to afferent stimuli as affected by barbituate narcosis,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1:254.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Arthur Battista, Paul O. Chatfield and Juanita P. Garcia. “Narcosis and refractory phase in certain cerebral mechanisms,” Federation Proceedings 8:48.
- ______“Discussion of the paper on ‘How nervous structures have ideas' by McCulloch and Pitts,” Transactions of the American Neurological Association 64:12-15.
- ______“Dream scintillations” Psychosomatic Medicine 11:160-162.
- ______“On the northern air route,” Harvard Alumni Bulletin 51:505-510.
- ___1950
- ______“A critique of frequency analysis in neurophysiology,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 2:204.
- ______“A brief cruise of the Stormsvala...,” Monthly Mainsheet of the Corinthians [Jan]:4.
- ______“The Albert T. Gould,” Among the Deep Sea Fishers 48:18-21.
- ___1951
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Jerome K. Merlis, Grace L. Merlis and Sylvia Burleigh. “Evaluation of barbiturate narcosis,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 3:380.
- ______“A scientist studies God,” Christian Register []:2.
- ___1952
- ______ Forbes, Alexander and Sylvia Burleigh. “Retinal response to color shift,” Federation Proceedings 11:47.
- ______“Sir Charles S. Sherrington, O. M. 1857-1952,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 4:213-214.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Jerome K. Merlis and Sylvia Burleigh. “Progress report on measurement of barbiturate narcosis,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 4:370.
- ___1953
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Jerome K. Merlis, Sylvia Burleigh, Jeanette H. Jiusto, Grace L. Merlis and Georg F. Henriksen. “Measurement of barbiturate narcosis,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology Supplement 3:23.
- ______“Presidential address,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology Supplement 4:3-5.
- ______ Quest for a Northern Air Route. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- ______“World eclipse of freedom?” letter to the editor of the Boston Herald, December 14.
- ___1954 “This I believe,” Boston Sunday Globe Magazine [June 13]:2.
- ___1955
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Sylvia Burleigh and Marjorie Neyland. “Electric responses to color shift in frog and turtle retina,” Journal of Neurophysiology 18:517-535.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Anne P. Forbes and Marjorie Neyland. “Action potentials in the human mammary gland,” Journal of Applied Physiology 7:675-682.
- ___1956
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Jerome K. Merlis, Georg F. Hendriksen, Sylvia Burleigh, Jeannette H. Jiusto and Grace L. Merlis. “Measurement of the depth of barbiturate narcosis,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 8:541-558.
- ______Deane, Helen W. and Alexander Forbes. “Myoepithelial cells and their function,” Journal of Applied Physiology 9:495-496.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Christina Enroth, Marjorie Neyland, Mary S. Gongaware and Helen W. Deane. “Color-shift response in turtle retina related to difference in wave length,” Federation Proceedings 15:65.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Christina Enroth, Marjorie Neyland, Mary S. Gongaware and Helen W. Deane. “Color-shift response in turtle retina and its relation to difference in wave length,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 8:524.
- ___1957
- ______“Introduction to history of neurophysiology,” Journal of Neurophysiology 20:211.
- ______“Correct terminology,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 9:238.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander and Helen W. Deane. “Color discrimination by the turtle retina,” Science 125:746-747.
- ___1958
- ______Deane, Helen W., Christina Enroth-Cugell, Mary S. Gongaware, Marjorie Neyland and Alexander Forbes. “Electroretinogram of fresh-water turtle: form and spectral sensitivity,” Journal of Neurophysiology 21:45-61.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander and Helen W. Deane. “Electrical studies of color vision in the turtle,” Experimental Cell Research Supplement 5:440-450.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Helen W. Deane, Marjorie Neyland and Mary S. Gongaware. “Electroretinogram of fresh-water turtle: quantitative responses to color shift,” Journal of Neurophysiology 21:247-262.
- ___1959
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Nancy Milburn and Sally Fox. “Electroretinogram of fresh-water turtle: selective adaptation to colored light,” Journal of Neurophysiology 22:704-713.
- ______“Book review: Sherrington: Physiologist, Philosopher and Poet, by Lord Cohen,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 11:851.
- ______“Eugene Floyd Dubois, 1882-1959,” American Philosophical Society Yearbook []:122-127.
- ___1960
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Marjorie Neyland and Sarah E. Fox. “Electric response in the mammary gland,” Journal of Applied Physiology 15:511-514.
- ______ Forbes, Alexander, Sarah E. Fox, Nancy Milburn and Helen W. Deane. “Electroretinograms and spectral sensitivities of some diurnal lizards,” Journal of Neurophysiology 23:62-73.
- ______“The growth of neurophysiology,” The Physiologist 3(2):31-44.
- ___1962 Forbes, Alexander, Eizo Yamashita, Nancy H[avens] Hayes, Sarah E. Fox and Clare M. Mahan. “Electroretinogram of fresh-water turtles: recovery rates from red and orange light adaptation,” Journal of Neurophysiology 25:600-606.
- ___1963
- ______ Forbes, Alexander and Clare M. Mahan. “Attempts to train the spinal cord,” Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 56:36-40.
- ______“Book review: Synaptic Trasmission, by Hugh McLennan,” Journal of the American Medical Association 185:895.
- ___1964 Forbes, Alexander, Sarah E. Fox, Elaine S. McCarthy and Eizo Yamashita. “Quantitative response to color shift in diurnal lizards,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 52:667-672.
- ___undated A Democracy for Youth. Freeville, N.Y.: George Junior Republic.
Processing Information
The collection was arranged and described by Judith H. Goetzl with funds provided by the Grass Foundation of Quincy, the Commonwealth Fund, and the Forbes family.
Charlotte Lellman revised the biographical timeline in this finding aid in September 2020 to bring them into compliance with the Center for the History of Medicine’s Guidelines for Inclusive and Conscientious Description (2020). In particular, she focused on eliminating subjective statements. She also reorganized the Scope and Content notes. The previous version of the finding aid is being maintained for transparency around the descriptive process.
Index to Selected Names
- Abbe, Ernst C., 102:2212
- Abbot, C.G., 124:2517
- Adams, Ray, 1:1
- Adrian, Edgar D., 1:2-27; 16:770; 17:798; 18:866; 18:900, 901; 59:1831; 122:2479, 2489, 2490, 2493, 2495; 126:2601
- Aird, Robert B., 1:28
- Alexander, Jerome, 1:29
- Allen, T.P., 1:30
- Alvarez, Walter C., 1:31
- Amberson, William R., 1:32
- Ames, Adelbert, 1:33; 18:861; 18:909
- Anderson, John E., 1:34
- von Anrep, Gleb V., 1:35
- Armington, John C., 1:36
- Ashley, Alta, 60:1842
- Asuka, T., 1:37
- Aub, Joseph C., 1:38
- Austin, George M., 1:39
- Azuma, R., 1:40
- Babcock, Myra, 2:41
- Baird, Perry C., jr., 2:42
- Baker, Arthur, 58:1699
- Baker, E.H., 2:43
- Baker, Lydia, 60:1842
- Baldwin, Mary S., 60:1845
- Ballantine, Stuart, 2:44-46; 93:2077, 2079, 2081, 2083, 2084, 2088, 2094, 2101; 122:2468
- Barbeau, Antonio, 2:47-48
- Barber, Henry C., 2:49
- Barcroft, Joseph, 2:50; 7:326; 18:866; 122:2495
- Bard, Philip, 2:51; 19:948-958
- Barnard, R.D., 2:52
- Barney, J. Dellinger, 2:53
- Barrow, Charles, 58:1700
- Barry, D.I., 2:54
- Baskervill, Margaret, 60:1841
- Batchelor, R.P., 2:55
- Battista, Arthur, 2:56-62
- Bauer, Wilhelm, 2:63-65; 3:132, 135, 137
- Baumberger, J[ames] Percy, 2:66
- Bayliss, L.E., 2:67
- Bazett, Henry C., 2:68
- Bearg, Edna, 60:1846
- Beaudouin, Charles, 58:1705
- Beebe-Center, J.G., 2:69
- Beecher, Henry K., 2:70-73; 91:2037, 2041
- Bell, Herbert, 2:74
- Bell, Lewis, 2:75
- Bemis, Alan C., 2:76
- Bemis, Alonzo, 91:2031
- Benedict, Francis G., 2:77-78
- Benson, C.E., 2:79
- Berrie, Lloyd H., 2:80
- Beutner, R., 2:81
- Beyme, Fritz, 2:82
- Bickford, Reginald, 2:83
- Bigelow, George, 91:2032
- Bigelow, Henry Jacob, 91:2042
- Binger, Carl, 2:84
- Bingham, Harold C., 2:85
- Bird, Charles, 58:1709
- Bishop, George H., 2:86-88; 19:948-958
- Blackwell, Helen, 60:1841
- Blair, Henry A., 2:89
- Blodgett, Katherine, 60:1845
- Boder, David P., 2:90
- Bodian, David, 2:91
- Boland, Frank, 91:2046, 2048
- Boring, Alice, 60:1839
- Boring, Edwin G., 2:92-93; 21:1048, 1049; 25:1207
- Bovie, William T., 2:94; 122:2468, 2469
- Bowditch, Harold, 2:95
- Bradford, Edward H., 2:96
- Bradley, Harold C., 2:97
- Bradley, Leverett, 93:2065
- Brazier, Mary A.B., 2:98-99; 18:867; 104:2248
- Breder, Charles M., jr., 2:100-101
- Breed, William B., 2:102
- Bremer, Frederic, 2:103-106
- Bright, Elizabeth, 60:1839
- Briscoe, Grace, Lady, 2:107
- Britton, S.W., 2:108
- Brodie, T.G., 2:109
- Bronk, Detlev W., 2:110-111; 18:898; 21:1063
- Brookhart, J.M., 2:112; 12:544
- Brooks, Chandler McC., 2:113
- Brooks, Charles, 96:2146, 2147; 125:2576
- Brooks, S.C., 2:114
- Brouwer, 58:1710
- Brown, Lloyd, 2:115
- von Brücker, Ernst T., 3:116-166; 12:582; 13:646; 55:1685; 60:1844
- Brunswick, David, 3:167
- Brylski, Florian J., 2:168
- Buchanan, F., 2:169
- Buchthal, Fritz, 3:170
- Bucy, P.C., 3:171
- Bülbring, Edith, 3:172
- Bull, Lucien, 3:173; 10:449
- Burleigh, Sylvia, 60:1844
- Burlo, George M., 3:174
- Burn, Joshua H., 3:175
- Burnett, F.L., 3:176
- Burrows, Montrose T., 3:177
- Burwell, C. Sidney, 3:127; 3:140, 148, 149, 159; 122:2502, 2053, 2505, 2506
- Butler, James, 124:2518
- Butler, Virginia, 60:1841
- Cabot, Sewall, 4:178; 90:2016; 93:2072, 2074, 2075
- Camougia, George, 4:179
- Campbell, Clarence J., 4:180-183
- Campbell, Gordon, 93:2106
- Campbell, L.L., 4:184
- Cannon, Walter B., 4:185-193; 3:123, 126, 127, 128, 159, 164, 165; 7:342; 8:351-352; 12:594; 27:1348; 119:2442; 120:2444; 122:2467, 2468, 2473, 2500; 124:2536; 124:2557; 124:2563, 2568
- Carlisle, Pearl, 60:1841
- Carlsen, Elizabeth, 60:1844
- Carlson, Anton J., 4:194
- Carmichael, Leonard, 4:195
- Carpenter, Ruth, 60:1839
- Carrasco-Formiguera, R., 4:196
- Carroll, Evelyn L., 4:197; 60:1845
- Cattell, McKeen, 4:198-199; 18:863, 864; 126:2598
- Caveness, William F., 4:206
- Chafee, Zechariah, jr., 4:201
- Chaffee, Emory L., 4:202; 2:45; 59:1829
- Chambers, Doris, 60:1844
- Chapman, 4:203
- Chatfield, Paul O., 4:204; 11:514
- Christian, Henry A., 4:205
- Church, Mrs., 60:1844
- Clark, George H., 93:2111-2113
- Clark, Lewis F., 4:206
- Clay, Margaret, 4:207-211; 8:366
- Clow, Fred E., 4:212
- Clowes, George, 4:213
- Cobb, Stanley, 4:214-218; 91:2032, 2033, 2034, 2045; 3:146; 15:713; 15:747; 17:798; 124:2564; 126:2600, 2601
- Cohen, Melvin J., 58:1717
- Cohn, Alfreed E., 4:219
- Cohn, Edwin, J., 4:220
- Cohn, Robert, 4:221
- Cole, Kenneth S., 4:222; 21:1059, 1060
- Colt, Sylvia, 60:1841
- Compton, Karl T., 4:223; 125:2594
- Coolidge, John T., 4:224
- Cooper, Sybil, 4:225; 60:1842
- Copeland, Harry D., 124:2519
- Coppee, Georges, 4:226
- Cornell, Eugene, 58:1720
- Cotton, F. Sidney, 98:2164
- Craig, Wallace, 60:1841
- Crampton, C. Ward, 4:227
- Crehore, Albert C., 4:228
- Crescitelli, F., 4:229
- Crile, George W., 4:230
- Crockett, Eugene A., 4:231
- Croskery, William F., 4:232
- Crowe, Samuel J., 4:233
- Crowley, Harold, 9:425
- Cugell, (Mrs.) David. See Enroth, Christina
- Culler, E.A., 4:234
- Cushing, Harvey, 4:235; 91:2036
- Cutler, G.D., 4:236
- Cutting, Fulton, 93:2065, 2066; 124:2520
- Dahm, Thomas M., 58:1724
- Dale, Henry, 5:237
- Darwin, Charles G., 5:238
- Davis, Hallowell, 5:239-254; 8:351-353; 12:570, 571; 18:858, 860, 861, 862, 908; 19:948-958; 21:1044-1056, 1061, 1067, 1076; 21:1091; 104:2242, 2244, 2246; 124:2534; 126:2598, 2601, 2602
- Davis, V. Kenah, 60:1840
- Deane, Helen W., 5:255-264; 6:302, 303, 304, 305; 27:1325
- Degelman, John, 55:1684; 58:1726
- Delgado, Jose, 11:526
- Denny-Brown, Derek, 5:265-266; 4:218
- Derbyshire, Arthur J., jr., 5:267; 122:2486
- Desnoes, P.H., 5:268
- Dill, D. Bruce, 5:269
- Dingle, Olive, 60:1841
- Dixon, R.L., 5:270
- Dobhloff, Edith, baroness, 124:2521
- Drinker, Cecil K., 5:271; 4:191-193; 20:1038, 1039; 21:1047, 1053-1054; 122:2471, 2474, 2479, 2480
- Drinker, Philip, 12:562, 563; 92:2054-2058
- Drury, Carolyn, 60:1843
- Dryerre, Henry, 5:272
- DuBois, Arthur B., 5:273-274
- DuBois, Eugene F., 5:275, 21:1073
- Dubuisson, Marcel, 5:276
- Dusser de Barenne, J.G., 5:277
- Early, Marie, 60:1844
- Eccles, J.C., 6:278-282; 2:86, 87; 126:2601, 2602
- Eckenhoff, James E., 6:284
- Edisen, Adela, 6:285
- Edsal, David L., 92:2055, 2057, 2060; 122:2467, 2468, 2469, 2472, 2479, 2481, 2484, 2486, 2487
- Edwards, D.J., 6:286
- Einthoven, Willem, 6:287; 90:2007
- Eisenhower, Dwight D., 124:2565
- Eliot, Carole, 60:1841
- Ellis, Frederick W., 6:288-290
- Emerson, David, 126:2602
- Emerson, Edward, 124:2522
- Emerson, Haven, 92:2054-2064
- Emerson, John Haven (Jack), 58:1713; 90:2020; 92:2054-2064
- Emerson, John H., 58:1744
- Emerson, Raymond, 124:2523
- Enroth, Christina, 6:291-306; 5:251; 8:369; 20:1032
- Erlanger, Joseph, 6:307; 3:132, 133, 141, 144, 145, 146, 150, 153, 155; 19:948-958
- Esterquest, Ralph T., 126:2602
- Eustis, Betty, 60:1844
- Fay, Earl, 60:1841
- Felix, Robert H., 7:308
- Fenn, Wallace O., 7:309; 19:948-958; 19:931-934; 126:2598, 2602
- Fernow, B.E., 7:310
- Ferry, Ronald, 7:311
- Fischer, Edward G., 7:317
- Fisher, Howard, 124:2524
- Fisher, Irving, 7:313
- Fitz, G..W., 58:1746
- Flatau, Theodor, 7:314
- Flood, Merrill M., 7:315-317
- Forbes, Alexander, C., 124:2525
- Forbes, Charlotte G.., 124:2526
- Forbes, Edith Emerson (Mrs. William H., Alexander Forbes' mother), 91:2049
- Forbes, Edward P., 124:2527
- Forbes, Edward W., 124:2528; 91:2050; 122:2507
- Forbes, Ellen, 124:2529
- Forbes, F. Murray, 124:2530
- Forbes, Henry S., 7:318; 3:141
- Forbes, J. Malcolm, 7:319-320; 124:2531
- Forbes, Katherine, 124:2532; 9:418
- Forbes, Ralph, 124:2533
- Forbes, Stephen, 7:321-325
- Forbes, W[illiam] Cameron, 124:2535-2536; 124:2563
- Forbes, Waldo Emerson, 124:2534
- Forbes, William H., 124:2537; 2:50
- Forde, Miss, 60:1847
- Fox, Sarah, 60:1846
- Frank, Robert G., 126:2602
- Franklin, Kenneth J., 7:326
- Fredericq, Henri, 7:327; 3:129, 130
- Fuller, Samuel A., 7:328
- Fulton, John F., 7:329-344; 3:142, 143, 153; 11:524; 18:861, 864; 19:935; 19:948-958; 91:2041, 2042; 126:2601
- Fuortes, M.G.F., 7:345
- Galambos, Robert, 8:346-349; 14:675; 21:1059, 1060, 1061
- Gamble, James L., 8:350; 3:140, 141, 150, 152, 155-158; 125:2594
- Garceau, Lovett, 8:351-353; 1:23; 122:2479; 124:2529
- Garcia, Juanita, 60:1844
- Gasser, Herbert S., 8:354-357 3:124, 129, 146, 147, 150, 155, 156, 157; 18:900; 19:948-958; 90:2021
- Gasteiger, Edgar, 22:1105, 1106
- Gatto, Lucio, 60:1842
- Gerard, Ralph W., 8:359-366; 3:130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 139, 144, 150, 152, 155, 157, 158; 19:948-958; 21:1054, 1055, 1056, 1058, 1059; 21:1079, 1081
- Gesell, Robert, 8:367; 15:718
- Gilman, Bradley, 124:2538
- Gongaware, Mary S., 60:1845
- Goodell, Helen, 8:368
- Graf, John, 124:2539
- Granit, Ragnar, 8:369-373; 122:2505
- Grass, Albert, 8:374; 1:25; 2:67; 8:351; 12:583; 58:1758, 1759, 1760; 90:2013; 126:2602; 19:985-1002
- Gray, Annie E., 8:375
- Greene, Doris, 60:1842
- Gregg, Alan, 21:1094-1098
- Greisheimer, Esther, 8:376-377
- Grenfell, Sir Wilfred, 46:1572; 97:2155, 2158, 2159; 102:2211, 2213, 2217, 2226; 126:2601
- Griffith, Fred R., jr., 8:378
- Grover, Hazel, 60:1841
- Grundfest, Harry, 8:379
- Gudernatsch, F., 8:380
- Hallowell, Phillips, 8:381
- Hamilton, Alice, 9:382
- Hammett, Frederick S., 9:383; 18:864
- Hardy, William, 9:384
- Harkins, W.B., 9:385
- Harrington, E.L., 9:386
- Harris, D. Fraser, 9:387
- Harris, H.I., 9:388
- Harris, Philip, 9:389
- Harrison, J.M., 9:390
- Hartline, H. Keffer, 9:391-394; 107:2291
- Hartman, Frank, A., 9:395
- Havens, Nancy, 60:1839
- Hawkins, Joseph E., 124:2540
- Hawkins, Ralph, 9:396; 12:589
- Hecht, Selig, 9:397; 3:123, 124, 131, 132
- Heilbrunn, L.V., 9:398
- Heines, Karl D., 9:399
- Heizer, Helen, 60:1840
- Helliwell, John O., 9:400
- Henderson, Lawrence J., 9:401, 1:24; 15:744; 122:2495
- Henderson, Yandell, 9:402; 3:132
- Henriksen, Georg F., 9:403
- Hill, Archibald Vivian, 9:404-411; 3:122; 15:716; 16:766; 18:864; 93:2074; 124:2538
- Hill, Samuel E., 9:412
- Himwich, Harold E., 9:413
- Hindle, Charles F., 59:1766
- Hines, Marion, 9:414
- Hitchcock, Elizabeth L., 124:2541
- Hoagland, Hudson, 9:415-418; 18:863, 864; 21:1059
- Hoar, Elizabeth, 60:1839
- Hoefer, Paul, 2:84
- Hoff, Hebbel E., 9:419; 7:338; 91:2045, 2046
- Hoffman, Paul, 9:420
- Hofmann, C.L., 59:1769
- Hollingsworth, Joe P., 9:421
- Holmes, Eric, 9:422
- Holmes, Gordon, 124:2542
- Holt, Edwin B., 9:423
- Holter, Norman J., 9:424
- Holzer, Ulrich, 59:1771
- Hompe, Louise, 60:1840
- Hooper, S.C., 93:2069, 2091, 2094, 2095, 2097, 2098, 2099
- Hooton, Earnest A., 9:425
- Hopkins, Anne McH., 9:426-432; 21:1095
- Horney, Karen, 9:433
- Hoskins, Roy G., 9:434; 18:861
- Howell, William H., 9:435
- Howland, Llewellyn, 126:2600
- Hughes, Cora, 60:1840
- Hunt, Reid, 9:436
- Hurxthal, Lewis M., 9:437
- Hyde, Henry Webb, 9:438
- Hyman, Albert S., 9:439
- Ingalls, Fay, 124:2543
- Inman, Ruth, 60:1845
- Irving, Laurence, 10:440-441
- Isbell, Harris, 9:442
- Jackson, Charles, 91:2025-2053; 19:961; 36:1457; 124:2522
- Jacobson, Edmund, 9:443
- James, William, 9:444; 13:647
- Jasper, Herbert H., 10:445-446; 47:1593
- Jelliffe, Smith Ely, 10:447
- Jennings, Percy H., 10:448
- Jewett, F.B., 10:449
- Jiusto, Jeannette, 60:1845
- John, E. Roy, 10:450; 8:366
- Joliot-Curie, Irene, 124:2563
- Jones, Benjamin, 10:451
- Jones, C.E., 59:1775
- Jones, Frank P., 10:452
- Joslin, Elliot P., 10:453
- Judd, Deane B., 10:454-455
- Kato, Genichi, 10:456-459
- Keller, Rudolf, 10:460
- Kelley, Truman L., 10:461
- Kennard, Frederick H., 10:462
- Kennard, Margaret A., 10:463
- Kennedy, Donald, 10:464
- Kety, Seymour S., 10:465
- Keyes, Frederick W., 59:1779-1782
- Kimball, Paul, 10:466
- Klemin, Alexander, 9:467
- Knight, Robert P., 10:468
- Knoefel, Peter K., 10:469; 11:490; 20:1027-1028
- Knowles, John, 22:1137-1142
- Koketsn, K., 10:470
- Kooi, Kenneth A., 10:471
- Korzybski, Alfred, count, 10:472-473
- Krumbhaar, Edward, 10:474-478; 3:118, 120; 18:863, 901-905; 92:2064
- Kubie, Lawrence, 8:366; 126:2602
- Kubo, M., 10:480
- Kuffler, Stephen W., 10:479
- Kunhardt, Harriet, 60:1839
- Kuré, 10:481
- Ladd-Franklin, Christine, 11:482-485
- Lairy, Gabrielle C., 11:486
- Lamb, Arthur B., 11:487
- Lambert, Elizabeth, 60:1841
- Lambert, Robert A., 11:488
- Lamson, Paul D., 11:489-490
- Landau, William M., 11:491
- Landis, Carney, 11:492
- Landis, Eugene M., 11:493
- Lane, Walter A., 11:494
- Langelaan, J.V., 25:1177, 1178
- DeLanne, R., 11:495
- Langfeld, Herbert S., 11:496-497
- Lapicque, Louis, 11:498; 18:862, 863; 58:1705
- Larson, John A., 11:499
- Lashley, Karl S., 11:500-501
- Laurens, Henry, 11:502
- Lawrence, William, 11:503
- LeClair, H.P., Lt. Commander, 93:2076-2079, 2081, 2082, 2085, 2089, 2091
- Lee, Frederic S., 11:504
- Leese, Chester E., 11:505-508; 21:1079, 1080
- Lehman, Harry, 11:509
- Leighton, Mrs., 60:1843
- Lennox, William G., 11:510
- Lettvin, Jerome Y., 11:511; 11:522
- Levine, Jon, 11:512
- Levy, R. Ellen, 11:513
- Lewis, Edwin C., 59:1789
- Lewis, Katherine, 60:1841
- Li, Choh-luh, 11:514
- Liddell, E.G.T., 11:515
- Liddell, H.S., 11:516
- Lillie, Ralph S., 11:517
- Lindsley, Donald B., 11:518; 21:1082
- Linwood, Walter E., 11:519-520
- Livingston, Robert B., 11:521
- Lloyd, David P.C., 11:522
- Locke, Otto M., 59:1791
- Loewenstein, Werner R., 11:523
- Loewi, Otto, 125:2591
- Lofthus, Orin M., 11:525
- Long, C.N.H., 11:526
- Loomis, Alfred, 11:527-528; 109:2392
- Loomis, Elaine, 60:1839
- Lorente de No, Rafael, 11:529-531; 5:252; 21:1091
- Loring, John C.G., 11:532
- Loveland, Frank, 11:533
- Loewell, Abbott L., 92:2055, 2060
- Lowell, Frank, 124:2544
- Lucas, Keith, 11:534-537; 17:798; 58:1715; 90:2019
- Luckhardt, Arno B., 11:538
- Lunt, Lawrence K., 11:539-540
- Lusk, Graham, 11:541; 3:118
- Lyman, Charles P., 11:542
- Lyman, Theodore, 11:543
- Lyon, George A., 124:2545
- Machne, Xenia, 12:544-546
- MacPherson, Macdonald, 15:713
- Magoun, Horace W., 11:547
- Mahan, Clare, 60:1847
- Mallinckrodt, Edward, 20:1026-1032; 3:141-143, 148, 151, 153; 5:245; 122:2479
- Mann, Frank C., 12:548
- Marble, Henry C., 124:2546
- Marcy, Henry O., 59:1795
- Mark, E.L., 12:549
- Markham, Mrs. George. See Deane, Helen W.
- Marshall, Wade H., 12:550-551
- Marston, William M., 12:552
- Martin, Ernest G., 12:553
- Martin, Franklin H., 12:554
- Mason, Eleanor, 60:1841
- Mather, Kirtley F., 12:555
- Mathews, Albert P., 12:556
- Mayo, Virginia, 12:557
- McCarthy, Elaine, S., 60:1847
- McClendon, Jesse F., 12:558
- McConnell, James V., 12:559
- McConnell, R.F., 124:2547
- McCouch, Grayson, P., 12:560
- McCulloch, Warren S., 12:573; 18:873; 21:1075
- McFarland, Ross A., 12:574
- McIntosh, Rustin, 12:575
- McKinley, Earl B., 12:576
- McLennan, Hugh, 12:577
- McMasters, Philip D., 12:578
- Means, James H., 12:579
- Meigs, Edward B., 3:141-143, 150-152
- Mello, Nancy, 12:580
- Meltzer, Samuel J., 12:581
- Menter, Philip, 12:582
- Merlis, Jerome K., 12:583
- Merrill, E.G., 12:584
- Miceli, F.A., 12:585
- Milburn, Nancy, 60:1846
- Miles, Walter R., 12:586
- Miller, Frederick R., 12:587
- Miller, O.M., 97:2151; 98:2165; 99:2169; 100:2192, 2195; 101:2201, 2210; 102:2220, 2223; 107:2289; 108:2304; 108:2313; 109:2336; 112:2379
- Miller, Richard, 12:588-590; 124:2562; 125:2569-2572; 126:2598
- Millett, J.B., 60:1843
- Millet, John A.P., 12:591
- Mines, George R., 12:592
- Minot, George R., 12:593-595; 18:862; 125:2594
- Mitchell, Philip H., 12:596
- Molderhauer, Dora, 60:1839
- Molnar, George R., 12:597-598
- Monnier, Andree, 12:599; 21:1096; 58:1705
- Montalvao, Deoclides, 12:600
- Moore, A.R., 12:601; 3:117, 119-121, 138-140, 146, 149, 151-152, 156-158
- Moore, Floy J., 12:602
- Moore, G.A., 12:603
- Moore, George A., 124:2548
- Morison, B.R., 12:604
- Morison, Robert S., 12:605
- Morison, Mrs. Robert S.. See Rempel, Beningna
- Morison, Samuel E., 12:606-607; 48:1604-1623; 98:2163; 126:2598
- Morrison, L.R., 12:608
- Morrison, Russell, 12:609
- Morse, Sterne, 12:610
- Motham, V.H., 12:611
- Motler, Elizabeth, 60:1842
- Munn, John R., 13:643
- Munn, Orson, 12:612
- Murray, Henry A., jr., 12:613; 18:864
- Muus, Jytte, 12:614
- Myres, Magnus J., 12:615
- Nafe, John P., 12:616
- Needham, Joseph, 12:617
- Nettleship, E., 12:618; 16:780; 17:815
- Neufville, Helmuth de, 59:1801
- Newhall, Charles B., 124:2549
- Neyland, Marjorie, 60:1844
- Nixon, Richard M., 124:2564, 2568
- Noble, Ralph A., 12:619
- Novick, Alvin, 12:620
- Noyons, A.K.M., 12:621
- Nyström, Stig, 12:622
- O'Connor, Johnson, 13:623-630; 11:500; 18:860-861; 58:1748-1752
- Odell, Noel, 101:2203
- Oinuma, S., 13:631
- Olmsted, J.M.D., 13:632-636
- Oppenheimer, Robert, 122:2509, 2510, 2511
- Palmer, Walter W., 13:637; 18:866
- Pappenheimer, John, 126:2602
- Parker, George H., 13:638-639
- Patterson, William, 13:640
- Paul, Elizabeth, 60:1843
- Pauling, Linus, 124:2567-2568
- Pavlov, Ivan P., 58:1709
- Payson, John, 13:641
- Peabody, Francis W., 12:579
- Peabody, W. Rodman, 124:2550
- Pearse, Arthur S., 13:642
- Peckham, Robert H., 13:643
- Penfield, Wilder, 13:644
- Pereira, Jayme R., 7:339
- Perkins, F. Theodore, 13:645
- Perkins, John F., jr., 13:646
- Perry, Ralph B., 13:647
- Pfeiffer, John, 13:648
- Phillips, Wilbur C., 13:649
- Pier, Arthur, 13:650
- Pierce, Harold F., 13:651
- Pinkston, J.O., 13:652
- Podkopaen, N., 13:653
- Pollock, J. Lewis, 13:654
- Polunin, Nicholas, 13:655
- Ponder, Eric, 13:656
- Popoff, Constantine, 125:2584
- Poppen, John R., 13:657
- Porter, Eugene L., 13:658
- Porter, William T., 17:810; 18:866
- Pratt, Frederick H., 13:659; 18:866
- Price, Lucien, 13:660
- Purpura, D.P., 13:661
- Putnam, James J., 13:662
- Putnam, Tracy, jr., 13:663
- Querido, Arie, 14:664-666; 21:1094
- Ranson, Stephen Walter, 14:667
- Raper, Howard R., 91:2043, 2044
- Rappleye, Willard C., 14:668; 3:125
- Ray, George, 14:669
- Ray, Louise, 14:670
- Raymond, 14:671
- Rees, Maurice H., 14:676
- Redfield, Alfred C., 14:672-675; 21:1066-1075; 22:1150; 27:1310-1311; 122:2467
- Rempel, Beningna, 14:677-680; 5:245; 122:2484
- Renshaw, Birdsey, 14:681-688; 1:26; 7:340-341; 8:356; 47:1588
- Rice, Lucinda H., 60:1840; 90:2010
- Richardson, John, 124:2564, 2567; 126:2600; 124:2551
- Richardson, Mark W., 14:689
- Richter, Curt P., 14:690
- Riddle, 124:2552
- Rieley, J.F., 14:691
- Ring, Martha, 60:1839
- Rioch, David McK., 14:692; 90:2021
- Rivenburgh, F.L., 14:693
- Rizzolo, Attilio, 14:694; 4:188; 25:1190
- Robie, W.F. (Mrs.), 124:2553
- Robinson, Ellen, 60:1843
- Rock, John, 14:695
- Rockerfeller, Nelson, 21:1094-1098; 122:2473; 124:2568
- Rodgers, Charles G., 14:696
- Roosevelt, Franklin D., 124:2554, 2562; 93:2065, 2066, 2069, 2070, 2074, 2075, 2097, 2100
- Rosenblith, Walter A., 14:697
- Rosenblueth, Arturo, 18:866-867
- Rosner, Burton S., 14:698
- Rowe, Allan W., 14:699-700; 18:862-863
- Rowland, John, 126:2600
- Royle, N.D., 14:701-702; 13:624
- Ruch, T.C., 14:703-704
- Rupp, Alice, 14:705
- Rushton, William A.H., 14:706
- St. George, R., 15:707
- Saltonstall, John L., 93:2066
- Saltonstall, Leverett, 124:2563-2564
- Samriloff, A., 15:708
- Sarnoff, Paul, 126:2599
- Saul, Leon, 15:709-710
- Sawabini, E., 60:1842
- Sawyer, Marilyn, 60:1844
- Scheer, Bradley T., 15:711
- Schell, Erwin H., 15:712
- Schlesinger, Arthur, 124:2564, 2568
- Schwab, Robert, 15:713
- Schwab, Sidney I., 15:714
- Schwartze, E.W., 15:715
- Scott, Donald, jr., 15:716-717; 104:2242
- Scott, J.M. Duncan, 15:718
- Scudder, Heyward, 15:719
- Shapiro, Herbert, 15:721
- Shapley, Harlow, 15:720; 26:1304; 124:2564
- Shattuck, George C., 15:722; 18:863; 124:2545, 2568
- Shaw, Louis A., 92:2056
- Shepard, Charles E., 15:723
- Shepard, Helen, 60:1841
- Sherrington, Carr, 15:724
- Sherrington, Sir Charles S., 15:725-742; 3:175; 4:218; 5:265-266; 7:310; 7:329, 336, 338, 342; 8:366; 11:515; 12:587; 13:644; 14:667; 14:674; 15:724; 25:1207; 48:1600; 54:1675; 93:2108; 122:2473, 2489, 2490
- Sholund, Vernon, 60:1845
- Sidman, Richard L., 15:743
- Sims, William S., Admiral, 18:859-862; 93:2101-2108
- Singleton, Robert S., 109:2319; 110:2353, 2354; 112:2376; 115:2406, 2408
- Skinner, Burrhus Frederic, 15:744
- Slankis, Irma, 60:1844
- Smith, Edith, 15:745
- Smith, Homer, 15:746
- Smith, Olive C., 15:747
- Smithwick, Reginald H., 15:748
- Solomon, Barbara M., 124:2555
- Spaeth, Reynold A., 15:749
- Spalding, Ida, 60:1841
- Spalding, Walter R., 15:750; 18:864
- Stalker, Hugh, 15:751
- Stedman, Henry R., 15:752
- Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, 15:753
- Stenstrom, John D., 15:754
- Stephenson, Charles W., 15:755
- Stetson, Harlan T., 15:756; 96:2142
- Stewart, Mary L., 60:1845
- Stoddard, Frances, 124:2556
- Stoddard, James K., 15:757
- Storr, John F., 15:758
- Stowell, Frank E., 15:759
- Strong, Richard P., 15:760
- Surette, Thomas W., 15:761
- Sutcliffe, Evelyn M., 15:762
- Szent-Györgzi, A., 15:763
- Tanner, V., 102:2219, 2222; 103:2227
- Tashiro, Shiro, 16:764
- Taylor, E.W., 16:765
- Taylor, Martha, 60:1840
- Taylor, Mary S., 124:2557
- Taylor, Solatia M., 59:1819
- TeWinkel, Helen, 60:1841
- Thacher, Catherine, 60:1840
- Thayer, Abbot, 93:2067, 2072, 2073, 2075
- Thayer, William S., 16:766
- Therman, Per O., 16:767
- Thomas, L.B., 61:768
- Thompson, A.T., 59:1822
- Thorner, Melvin W., 16:769
- Thorpe, W.H., 16:770
- Tomita, Tsuneo, 16:771
- Trainor, Joseph C., 16:772
- Treleaven, Clifford L., 16:773
- Trinkaus, John P., 16:774
- Truesdale, Philemon E., 16:775
- Truman, Harry S., 124:2564-2566
- Turner, Abby H., 16:776
- Turner, R.S., 16:777
- Twarog, Betty M., 18:873
- Tyzzer, E.E., 16:778
- Ulrich, John L., 16:779
- Usher, C.H., 16:780
- Veach, H.O., 16:781
- Verzar, Frederiq, 16:782
- Verzeano, Marcel, 16:783-786; 12:547
- Viets, Henry, 16:787-788; 19:961
- Vuillemier, O.H., 59:1826
- Wald, George, 17:789; 122:2512
- Wall, Patrick O., 17:790
- Walter, W. Grey, 17:791
- Warner, Edward P., 17:792
- Warren, A. Emerson, 17:793
- Warren, Charles H., 17:794
- Warren, John, 122:2472-2473
- Warren, Richard, 17:795
- Warren, Shields, 17:796
- Warren, Stafford L., 17:797
- Washington, Bowden, 93:2077, 2091, 2096, 2098-2100
- Watson, John B., 17:798
- Webster, Dorothy, 60:1843
- Webster, Fred, 17:799
- Webster, Frederic A., 124:2558
- Weigel, John C., 17:800
- Weiss, Paul, 17:801
- Weiss, Soma, 17:802; 18:863
- Welch, Matt, 124:2559
- Welling, Richard, 17:803-804
- Wells, F. Lyman, 17:805; 18:863
- Welsh, John H., jr., 17:806
- Wendell, Mark T., 124:2560
- Wengerd, A. Sherman, 59:1827
- Wengerd, Sherman, 126:2602
- Wever, E.G., 21:1096
- Whitaker, Lester R., 17:807-809; 21:1079
- White, Abraham, 17:810
- White, Paul Dudley, 17:811
- Whiting, Anna R., 17:812
- Wiersma, Cornelis Adrianus Gerrit, 17:813
- Wierzuchowski, M., 17:814
- Wigglesworth, Mary C.D., 17:815
- Wiley, Ruth, 60:1839
- Williams, Horatio B., 17:816-836; 11:504
- Wilson, Douglas J., 17:837
- Wilson, Edwin, 15:716; 18:873; 21:1075; 92:2055
- Wolbach, S. Burth, 17:838
- Wolf, Ernst, 17:839
- Wolff, Harold G., 17:840-841
- Woronzow, D., 17:842
- Wright, Samson, 17:843
- Wuest, Olga, 17:844
- Yamashita, Eizo, 17:845-850; 11:523
- Yeager, 17:851
- Zamenhof, Stephen, 17:852-853
- Zinsser, Hans, 17:854
- Zotterman, Yngre, 17:855-856
Creator
- Forbes, Alexander, 1882-1965 (Person)
Subject
- Harvard University--Students (Organization)
- Gerard, R. W. (Ralph Waldo), 1900-1974 (Person)
- Eccles, John C. (John Carew), 1903-1997 (Person)
- Davis, Hallowell , 1896-1992 (Person)
- Milton Academy (Milton, Mass.) -- Students (Organization)
- Adrian, Edgar Douglas Adrian, Baron, 1889-1977 (Person)
- Gasser, Herbert S. (Herbert Spencer), 1888-1963 (Person)
- Jackson, Charles (Charles Thomas), 1805-1880 (Person)
- McCouch, Grayson Prevost, 1888- (Person)
- Redfield, Alfred C. (Alfred Clarence), 1890-1983 (Person)
- Sherrington, Charles Scott, Sir, 1857-1952 (Person)
- Wald, George, 1906-1997 (Person)
- Williams, Horatio Burton, 1887-1955 (Person)
- Title
- Forbes, Alexander, 1882-1965. Papers, 1827, 1835, 1848-1978 (inclusive), 1910-1946 (bulk): Finding Aid
- Author
- Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine. Center for the History of Medicine.
- Language of description
- und
- EAD ID
- med00075
Repository Details
Part of the Center for the History of Medicine (Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine) Repository
The Center for the History of Medicine in the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine is one of the world's leading resources for the study of the history of health and medicine. Our mission is to enable the history of medicine and public health to inform healthcare, the health sciences, and the societies in which they are embedded.